Porter’s five forces Essay

It is very important for the drug companies and supermarkets to use the five forces to ensure that they strategically position themselves in a way that they become very competitive to make sure that they remain in business and also make and maximize profits. Managers have a very important role in ensuring that they do enough analysis so that they employ strategies to make them make the best out of the business that they do. Porter’s forces can be analyzed to act as yard sticks for the supermarkets and the drug companies to position themselves so as to do a profitable business as they face a very competitive and saturated environment that is very sensitive to changes. (McGahan, 2004) The supermarkets and the drug companies should utilize the Michael Porter’s five forces analyses as a framework to guide them operate in the competitive environment. The forces that affect the supermarkets and drug companies are those that are close to them and need to be properly analyzed since they affect their ability to effectively serve their customers and also make profits. When the supermarkets and drug companies face changes in the five forces, they need to re-examine the market place and make decisions that will ensure that they remain profitable and challenge their competitors. Their management should highly depend on research and marketing intelligence to gather the necessary information that will help them make sound decisions that will help their firms since they are faced with a lot of competition from their rival competitors. The closeness of substitutes Substitutes are alternative products that have the ability to satisfy similar needs and give solutions. Substitutes in the supermarkets and drug industries reduce the potential returns since they place a ceiling on the prices offered for products. Firms that realize that products being offered bring a lot of profits look for substitutes products that can substitute so that they may also enjoy profits. Drug companies face a big challenge since scientists and researchers are coming up with products generic drugs that compete very much with the existing original products. Due to research, drug industries are discovering new products every day that are either more effective or cure the same diseases. This has become a very big challenge since the market has become open and new discoveries are welcome every time. Customers will always be tempted to try the new products to see whether they are more effective and are made to believe that the newest drugs on the market are the best since they are more new and tested. Malaria drugs for instance are changing every time and patients believe that the new discoveries can handle Malaria more strongly than those that were there before. Marketers in drug industry must constantly try to sell there drugs by marketing them all the time and assuring their markets that the drugs they have are the best. Almost all drugs have tested substitutes and it gives the sellers and the users a variety of choices to choose from and making it very hard for some drugs to be pushed. The drug industry is so concentrated and even the herbal industry is attracting a lot of audience sine they claim to have varieties and more effective drugs. (Porter, 1985) Supermarkets are facing very stiff challenges since many supermarkets are opening up everyday with better supplies from substitute goods that make them appear to be cheaper than the others. Customers will go to those supermarkets with variety of substitutes so that they may get more cheap goods that can meet their needs. In a supermarket, companies will take and buy spaces in the supermarkets and also arrange and make them more appealing than the products from their competitors. When we look at basic products like bread and flour, you will find that there are many substitutes that will be in the same supermarket and that can play the same role and act as substitutes of the other. Supermarkets face a stiff challenge from the others and therefore need to do extensive advertising, introduce new cheap products every time and increase service to the customers since there is a stiff competition from other supermarkets. Supermarkets will always try to take customers from each other by winning them with the substitutes that they offer and services that they also offer at a cheaper price. (Lovelock, 2006) The Intensity of Rivalry among Established Companies Supermarkets and drug companies face a very competitive environment that has a big concentration of rival competitors making it a very competitive venture in business. They compete with heir rivals across al levels and try all strategies to ensure that they beat their rivals and try to do extensive marketing and innovation to attract more customers every day. There are many established companies that are more organized and have better strategies than the new ones that come up and therefore have a competitive edge over the others. An established company will mean having a well developed network that has a good client base and that is supported by customer loyalty and therefore locking out the new firms that try to make an impact by trying the existing markets. The well established pharmaceutical firms give a big challenge to the new companies in the market that try to make their products known. Even though substitute products are received in drug industries, it becomes easy for the established firms to push customers to start using their new products in the market since they have a name in the market and customers are loyal to them. (Porter, 1985) Customers will always be pulled to go to the already established supermarkets that they are used to them and will always feel that their services are the best. They also believe that products and services that are offered in the established supermarkets are the best and all they offer are the best to take car of their needs. The new supermarkets are highly challenged and must therefore position themselves strategically by ensuring that they price their products well and also do extensive advertising to market their products and services and have new customers and prospects that will be customers in future. The rate of growth of the drug companies and supermarkets has become a big challenge as new ones come into the market every time with very attractive terms for customers and therefore pulling them and pulling away their loyal customers. Competitors in the drug companies and supermarkets have diversities and therefore make them very unique and unequalled and thus being very hard to compete with them in a very competitive environment due to high concentration of players who are doing the same businesses. There is need for e advertising to market both individual products and the supermarkets and drug companies due to the stiff competition from rival players in the same field that is concentrated highly. The bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers take advantage of their unique supplies to ask and bargain for what they want and enjoy the monopoly and charge expensively for the products or services that they offer. Customers are very sensitive to any changes that may affect them that are caused by the bargaining power of the suppliers. Suppliers are a competitive threat in drug industries because they can raise the prices of new and the old supplies and therefore making the customers to try substitute products that can satisfy the same need. Suppliers may cost the drug companies a lot of financial constrain if they switch and fail to supply their products as it is involving to get new and reliable suppliers that can give quality and be efficient all the time. (Grant, 2005) Doctors will recommend their clients to use substitutes according to their financial abilities and are in a position to refer them to use any of the substitutes. Supermarkets must try as much as possible to bargain well with their suppliers so that they may get quality products at the right price so that they may also sell and price their products well in relation to those of the competitors so that they may not loose customers to the other supermarkets. Suppliers will have more power if they are few or alone in the market and will give their products at a very high price and will affect the sales of the supermarket in the long run. It is very important for the drug companies and the supermarkets to have suppliers that can supply substitute products that are more or les the same so that their customers will not run to the other outlets that have the products that they need. In the event that the suppliers reduce their products quality and raise the price of their products, it will be a great competitive challenge to the drug industries and the supermarkets that offer the same services. The determinants of the suppliers power in both the supermarkets and the drug companies includes: suppliers concentration in one particular place that is central in location, volume of suppliers that they offer to the supermarkets and the drug companies and finally the costs related to the total purchases that they do. The suppliers ensure that they take advantage of their strengths to bargain and register as much profits as possible and make the buyers of their suppliers to accept what they offer and fix high prices. (Cullen and Boteeah, 2005) The Risk of Entry by Potential Competitors The new competitors enter into business with an intention to bring new capacities that never existed before so that they may give competition to the existing firms. Every new entrant into the drug and supermarket business is a big threat to the existing firms since they may pose a big danger when they come and take the existing customers by intimidating them with good attractive services and also set their businesses in strategic points that will attract more customers. Supermarkets and drug companies are very profitable and has therefore it has been attracting very many new entrants who perceive it as a good profitable business that has a lot of assurance since the customers will always need food and other materials offered I the supermarkets and drugs to help prevent and cure diseases. Their main interest is to capture big market share that exists so that they make more sales and therefore make profits. Supermarkets face a lot of competition from new entrants who come up with new and customer satisfying service that are very attractive and take their customers. They are few barriers to the new entrants in this field and many businessmen are thinking of opening up one stop supermarkets that are in strategic positions to attract customers. (Mark, 2001) There are many barriers that might be in the drug industries that may affect the drug firms. They include the following: government policies on drug companies, economies of scale, capital requirements that are needed to start a drug company, brand identities and reactions from firms in the drug industry. New entrants in the drug industry are seen by those that are already in existence as a threat since they take and reduce their market share and make them reduce their sales and therefore register fewer profits from the sales. Though governments might create barriers to help streamline the industry, it will not fully succeed since many new entrants might meet the requirements put on them and give challenge to the already flocked market. The higher the entry barriers, the less it is likely for outsiders to enter the industry. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994) The Bargaining Power of Buyers This is the marketplace of outputs. Customers in the supermarkets and drug industry put the two businesses a lot of pressure since they are very sensitive to any change in prices and are always ready to window shop and find where prices are relatively cheap. The availability of substitute products in both the supermarkets and drug companies has made it very challenging for all those who run these businesses and are therefore supposed to learn the behavior of their customers so as not to scare them to their competitors and therefore reducing their profitability. The players in the drugs and supermarket firms make it .Many supermarkets and drug companies give room for their customers to bargain and make the competitors to be on toes. It is very important for the drug companies and supermarkets to highly depend on market intelligence so as to be very strategic in their pricing since there are many supermarkets and drug industries that are ready to reduce their prices by negligible amount that can attract customers from their competitors. (Brewster, 1995) Buyers are ready to run into substitute products that are being marketed everyday in the supermarkets and drug companies due to the changing technologies that are leading to cheaper and quality production of substitute products. Advertisers are taking advantage of the sensitivity that the buyers have to market new products that hit the market daily. The drug industries and the supermarkets should have a variety of substitutes in their business premises to pull all the customers and reduce the customers from moving to their competitors who offer various products in different prices. Since buyers are the ones that ensure that there is continuity of business, the supermarkets and the drug companies should learn and be very sensitive to the changing tastes and preferences in order to win buyers and also ensure that they remain loyal to them since the concentration of many firms is a big threat. Supermarkets and drug firms must ensure that they use the Porter’s analysis since they face stiff and very competitive challenges from firms that have realized that they can make lucrative profits from the supermarket and drugs since they are assured of a lot of profits from a large customer base that is attracted by these firms. They need to assess the market very well and ensure that they learn there customers very well and also ensure that they position themselves to compete more effectively to remain in business and also maintain a good relationship with their customers so that the competitors may not take away their customers. It is only through these methods that they will be assured of remaining in business tomorrow. (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1995) Reference Brandenburger, M. and Nalebuff, J. (1995): The Right Game. Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review pp.59-69 Brewster. C (1995): Towards a European Model of Human Resource Management-Journal of International Business. Vol 26, pp 112 Cullen, J. and Boteeah, K. (2005): Multinational Management. A strategic Approach, 3rd Edition, Mason; Thomson South-Western, pp 54 Grant, R. (2005): Contemporary Strategy Analysis: – Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford pp 24-45 Lovelock, J. (2006): Services Marketing, People, Technology, and Strategy. New York, Prentice Hall, pp 23-45 Mark, D. (2001): Human Resource Management and organizational performance; 3rd Edition of the Institute of Management, Washington, U.S, pp 76 Porter, M. (1979): How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review pp 34 Porter, M. (1985): Competitive Advantage:-Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press, New York, pp 12-56 McGahan, A. (2004): How Industries Evolve: – Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Harvard Business School Press, pp 27-37 Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition: New York, Prentice Hall, pp 45-76 Â  

Facility Planning Part Essay

Textbooks can take a huge toll on your wallet. Fortunately, you now have many options to save money. For example, you can rent textbooks online. Another option is to purchase online-only access to required textbooks. While you won’t have a physical book to take notes or highlight in, you will save money in doing so. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word paper that includes the following elements: Regulatory requirements and their effect on the design and equipment Color selection implications and noise issues List of the type of equipment needed Electronic items needed Examination of budget planning and cost estimates Description of the role of stakeholders in facility planning and development Gantt chart that details an implementation plan. Textbooks can take a huge toll on your wallet. Fortunately, you now have many options to save money. For example, you can rent textbooks online. Another option is to purchase online-only access to required textbooks. W†¦ Textbooks can take a huge toll on your wallet. Fortunately, you now have many options to save money. For example, you can rent textbooks online. Another option is to purchase online-only access to required textbooks. While you won’t have a physical book to take notes or highlight in, you will save money in doing so. General Questions – General General Questions Resource: Facility Planning – Part II located on the student Website Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word paper that includes the following elements: Regulatory requirements and their effect on the design and equipment Color selection implications and noise issues List of the type of equipment needed Electronic items needed Examination of budget planning and cost estimates Description of the role of stakeholders in facility planning and development Gantt chart that details an implementation plan.

The Rise And Fall Of The American Economy Coursework

The Rise And Fall Of The American Economy - Coursework Example In the US economy, there is a high level of unemployment and the interest rates in the economy are almost down to zero. The inflation is about 2% per year and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is increasing at less than 3% per year. It is necessary to raise the GDP growth to about 3% per year while keeping the rates of unemployment and inflation low in the economy. Economic depression in an economy can be controlled by the formulation of effective monetary and fiscal policies. While the Fiscal Policy is administered by the American Government, the Federal Reserve (the Central Bank of America) possesses the power to implement the monetary policies in the economy. These policies are based on a number of laws and theories; Okun’s Law and the Phillips Curve are two such important theories. The Okun’s law states that when actual output grows faster than potential output, unemployment rate in an economy, decreases and vice versa. The rate of output (GDP) growth corresponding to the stable rate of unemployment is then considered as the growth rate of the economy. Thus, it is the empirical relation between the output gap and the unemployment rate. (House of Representatives, USA, p.44) Phillips Curve shows the negative relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation rate in the economy. This implies that in order to reduce unemployment, some amount of inflation has to be tolerated or inflation can be reduced at the cost of rising inflation. (Tucker, 2011, p.453) Wages was not taken as a component of the Phillips curve as in the presence of unemployment, the bargaining power of labor is almost non-existent and thus, wages cannot be considered a key variable. However, Phillips Curve is a short-run phenomenon and there is no trade-off between inflation rate and unemployment rate in the long-run. (Mankiw, 2009, p.789) These two theories are indispensable to study monetary and fiscal policies because they show the relation between output, inflation and unemployment in an economy. A General Framework: The GDP of a country is the sum total of the values of all the goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country in a particular year. Keynesian economics states that GDP can be expressed as the sum of the Consumption expenditure, the investment expenditure, the government expenditure plus exports minus imports. The equation can be expressed as: GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1) where C: Consumption expenditure of the households I: Investment expenditure G: Government expenditure X: value of exports M: value of imports Equation (1) represents the real side of the economy where the concerned variables are all real variables. Fiscal Policy: The Government can alter the level of output, consumption, emplo yment and aggregate demand in an economy, using the two main instruments of fiscal policy – taxation and government spending. Keynesian economists believe that fiscal policy has a more straightforward and immediate impact compared to monetary policy (Genovese, 2010, p.160), as it affects the real sector of the economy, rather than the monetary sector. Expansionary Fiscal Policy: Equation (1) can also be expressed in terms of personal disposable income of the household sector as: Thus, GDP = C (y – t.y) + I + G + (X – M) where y: income of the households t: income tax rate in the economy (y – t.y): disposable income of the households Therefore, GDP = C {y (1-t)} + I + G + (X – M)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) When there is a high rate of unemployment in the economy, the Government can reduce the tax level in the economy i.e. the Government reduces â€Å"t† in the economy. When â€Å"t† is reduced, the consumers are required to pay less amount of t heir income as tax which increases their disposable income. The household’s consumption expenditure which is a function of their disposable income, naturally record a rise. In the equation (2), as a result of the decrease in

The Geography of Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Geography of Diet - Essay Example One can observe a connection between ethnicity and similarity in food patterns. Food patterns are often seen as symbols of cultural identity. The affinity or dislike for a food varies across regions on the basis of origin (Food - Food And Culture, n.d). The net result is a wide platter of food for the people across the globe. The paper undertakes a study of the food culture in China. China and their cuisine China is one of the emerging economies of the world and it has a very strong economic base. The country has a large population with different ethnic groups but the Han Chinese constitutes the major group. Apart from them there are Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, and others. The country has a rich historical background which dates back to 3500 years and it boasts of being the oldest civilizations of the world (China, 2011). As the economy is so diverse it is natural that food habits of the people will also vary and accordingly the world was presented with a new type of cuisine in their platte r known as the Chinese food. The need to fulfill the growing population’s demand for food led to the discovery of dishes using new ingredients. Scarcity of meat made them adapt new eating habits which included a combination of small amount of meat and more rice and noodles. Consumption of vegetables increased and they were stir fried to conserve fuel. (Map of China, n.d.) Chinese also discovered new dishes during famines. Shortages of food compelled the population to eat anything that is edible to survive. Ingredients such as fungus, lily buds, different types of fruit and vegetable peels and shark fins were used to make delicacies in China. Unlike the dishes made in Western style, cooking of Chinese food involves both meat and vegetables. This makes the amount of calorie and fats very less and also there is no loss of vitamins and minerals. The differences in food across regions became more prominent when there was invasion from the neighboring countries and the outcome was exchange of cooking styles and customs (Coman, 2007, pp.2-3). Foundation of Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine like their philosophy is based on â€Å"Daoist principles of opposition and change† (Kuiper, 2010, p.40). One can find that there is a balance between hot and cold, spicy and mild. Cooking in the Sichuan province is characterized by the use of hot peppers whereas one would find the use of fresh ingredients more common in the southern interior part of China. Subtle flavors and fresh vegetables are synonymous with Cantonese cooking. Foods may differ across regions but they all are viewed as an â€Å"accompaniment† to grains which is the staple Chinese diet. It is also believed that Chinese cuisine contains a high expression of â€Å"gastronomic art† (Kuiper, 2010, p.40). In ancient China one would find that a great emphasis was given to service and preparation. Supply of food in ancient time was mostly ensured through hunting and foraging. Vegetables to meat , everything was found on the Chinese platter in ancient time also. The emergence of agriculture led the development of different styles of food according to the natural resources that was available. Thus there was the emergence of different cooking styles and

Supply Management Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Management Discussion - Essay Example It is only when these processes become difficult to undertake the problem of managing comes within the related equations. What I can propose to the IT Vendor Management is to offer them solutions which will cut back on the delays that are happening within the fore of the department and thus the lags are cropping up for all the wrong reasons. There is reason enough to believe such a premise because it promises quite a lot of understanding and comprehension on the part of the Vendor Management policy decisions and the related undertakings. My role as Manager is magnanimous because it has to pinpoint the exact need which will ascertain as to how the Vendor Management processes would be completed, and before that there is a necessity that any predicaments that come about, like delays within the hiring process, are taken care of immediately. This will make sure that the anomalies within the Vendor Management system are resolved in an amiable fashion. 2 This scenario is a classical example of a company going haywire even though it has made a name for itself within the global markets. HP is such a big name within the printer industry that it has almost become generic. The people associate HP with printers of all sorts, sizes and types. This is the reason why HP is easily adopted by people from different regions of the world and without any hindrances coming to the fore. This is irrespective of the cultural and racial tangents that have been much discussed about. What is important to understand is the fact that the company is doing all it can to make sure that the Supply Chain operations are in line with the different departments which are working under the aegis of HP itself. This will enable HP to have a single-minded business philosophy – to make sure that HP’s products remain supreme more than anything else (New, 2011). Also this will set the ball rolling as far as comprehending how new technological innovations and inventions could easily be decipher ed by the people no matter where they live or what kind of computer (and technological) usage they have within their ranks. Every organization goes through such instances of organizational and cultural issues once in a while, and it is only natural for a Manager like me to take pains with worries of these sorts. What I need to do in the meanwhile is to make sure that the company remains steadfast on to its most basic goals and objectives, and that there are no hiccups within these realms at all. 3 As the National Sales Manager for this pharmaceutical company, I am completely in the loop for the upgrade towards iPad 2 which is a must-have as far as the sales force realms are concerned. They need to be assured that their sales-related tasks and undertakings will not be hampered if they stick to iPad for the meanwhile. However, it is quintessential that they are given a focus test group, which is similar to how they were tested when they were allotted the new iPads. Since the element o f criticality is attached with the provision of iPads and iPad 2s, it is important that I initiate the process of the focus test groups – the sooner the better it will be for the sake of the organization. Also the fact that there is a contract in place with the iPads, it will make the task of not only my own self but also the ones working under me and with me very easier. There would be lesser predicaments that will come to the fore once the sales force is given

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment Essay

Physics for Future Presidents Writing Assignment - Essay Example technological advancements and the improved knowledge in scientific fields, the deductions and conclusions made by scientists have proven to be accurate and even in some instanced averted disasters in the recent past. Therefore, for future heads of state to prevent future disasters from affecting the inhabitants of their respective countries, they ought to turn to scientists for counsel regarding certain issues of national security. It is necessary for them to display some level of scientific consciousness and edge themselves with qualified advice-givers to be able to make more profound long term decisions (Muller, 2010). Environmental consciousness and strategic prowess in decision making would be very vital tools in determining the success of our future leaders in safeguarding the planet. The comprehension and understanding of science, acts like a compass to our frontrunners directing them to making the most appropriate decisions. There exists pandemonium all over the globe and the urgent matters resulting to all the confusion, ought to be looked into by our leaders and appropriate decisions be made on how to tackle these matters. The comprehension and understanding of science by our prime ministers and presidents is most vital due to the environmental disasters that are looming, due to the way human being are continuously destroying and polluting the environment. Radicals have made it their goal in life to use the obliviousness of the ignorant leaders as a weapon against them. Resulting to individuals living in constant fear, these radials involve themselves in acts of terrorism. They are using ungrounded justifications as explanations to fulfill their own selfish desires. It is up to our future leaders to put under control such delicate issues without resulting to additional collateral damage. The utmost danger is that of extremists acquiring nuclear armaments and weaponries. Deterrence from these catastrophes is beneficial to each and every one of us.

Jet Blue Airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Jet Blue Airways - Essay Example The company’s shares performed well since the IPO due to JetBlue’s perceived successful business model and its strong financials results (JetBlue). Jet Blue has been a reputable company in the airline sector within USA since its launch in year 1998 due to being a low cost airline company; the company achieved low operating costs while offering customers a pleasant flying experience. Jet Blue has not only survived but also performed well during difficult industry period i.e. 2000-2003, this period can be deemed as a recession period for the airline sector due to the September 11, 2001 bombings. Jet Blue prepared a different response to these recessionary times in the airline industry to achieve its positive result (Rovenpor & Michel 2009) The company flew new airplanes and its flying experience included reliable on-time performance, comfortable and roomy leather seats, free 24-channel satellite TV service through TV screens installed in the back of each seat, pre-assigned seating, and friendly service by crew members. JetBlue generally chose to fly between densely populated cities and chose airports that were undeserved by existing airline carriers. The company’s markets tended to be large metropolitan areas with high average fares. Once it entered a new market, JetBlue’s comparatively low airfares stimulated new demand from passengers who may otherwise not have flown and often resulted in JetBlue capturing market share from the incumbent carrier (JetBlue, Newsweek 2001 & Rovenpor & Michel 2009) JetBlue aims on providing the customers the best possible service at a low cost. These services include point to point route to save the time of the consumers and a high quality consumer service. This high quality consumer service is maintained by their employees who are recruited only after passing tough tests. JetBlue makes sure that their service does not get affected even if they

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

No topic - Essay Example Novikov says that there has been a decline in the influence on foreign policy by followers of President Roosevelt’s idea of cooperation among all the peace-loving countries. The United States is said to have a mutual concession with England on the world division. This is because United States regards England as the most competent competitor (Spielvogel 609). On the contrary, Kennan is well convinced and argues that the U.S.S.R is doing all that it can to attain global domination. Kennan says that the process of political consolidation in the U.S.S.R has never been completed, and the Kremlin has been predominantly busy with the struggle to secure and make absolute the power gained in November 1917. By the fact that the Soviet Union has kept power for its own, it is not believable that the country will be able to hand power to anyone else. The Soviet Union is profoundly opposed to the western world and hence makes it rival in the global power domination (Spielvogel 609). Both Novikov and Kennan have argued their thoughts and provided facts on their ideas. In this context, it is Novikov whp has been able to make the best case between the two since his argument is better illustrated with facts. He has provided many accomplished facts as compared to Kennan, and his argument seems more

Buddhism 'psychological' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhism 'psychological' - Essay Example Buddhism is typically an Eastern religion for it focuses on human suffering and offers practical solutions to counter it. Rather than dealing with the paranormal and the supernatural, it is a practical philosophy toward life. In other words, Buddhism can be seen as offering psychological insights into the workings of the human mind, an understanding of which will benefit the individual subject. Both Buddhism and psychology can be seen as systems of philosophy. The idea of detachment is a central Buddhist doctrine, which has strong resonance in modern psychoanalysis. Since much of human suffering arises from the loss of an attached object (which could be material, personal or emotional), Buddhism advices the practice of detaching oneself from such objects as a way of preventing hurt and loss. This idea is also expressed as the achievement of a state of lack of desire. But therein lies an important contradiction. If an individual sets a goal of attaining a state of lack of desire, then he/she is getting attached to the goal. This paradox also has parallels in psychology, where it is referred to as neurosis. Just as desire is what brings about most human suffering, so does neurosis the cause of most psychological disturbances such as anxiety, panic, depression, obsessive behavior, etc. In this way there are strong similarities between Buddhism and psychology. Buddhism can be considered psychological in that it recognizes the importance of the psyche in perceiving and ascertaining the material world. It says that by controlling ones mind and shaping ones thoughts a great deal of personal tranquility can be achieved. Therapeutic techniques in psychology also attempt to do the same. The only difference is that while Buddhism uses the revelatory knowledge of Gautam Buddha in teaching these techniques, modern psychology employs quasi-scientific theories about cognition and mental conditioning as part of the treatment. To the extent that prevailing

How technology has affected you as a translator Essay

How technology has affected you as a translator - Essay Example The work can easily be sent and received across the cultural and natural borders. The translator may work for its clients from anywhere in the world. The market for the translator is not just limited to their own city or country. However translation is still considered to be a service whose dependence is based on high degree of trust between the translators and their clients. The translator may receive his high pay work mostly from the unseen clients living across the borders, as fees paid to the translators in different countries may vary, however the translators still believe that the best clients are made face to face. Technology has made the distribution of the large translation jobs quite easy between the intermediaries. Suppose if the client wants to market its product in 15 other languages, they would simply hire a marketing company. It is the job of the marketing firm to hire different brokers who then assign this job to a number of translation companies that further allocate the task to the translators that are often are freelancers. In such a case the company is usually paying at least three times more of what the freelance translator receives. However if the company directly assign the task to any freelancer then it be an advantage for the company as well as the freelance translator, as the company will be paying less for the same job and the translator will be receiving more. Technology has played a significant role in increasing the benefits for the translators; however the various consequences of the electronic communication have also increased the security risk. Translators are usually working on the material that is out of the public domain. This is what makes trust such an important factor in this business. Therefore while sending and receiving a file the translator must be aware of secure FTP, various forms of zipping and of encoding. There is no

Tom Robinson Essay Example for Free

Tom Robinson Essay When people talk about the ideal human being, the person that everyone aspires to be, they all think about different authors and sporting legends. But, the perfect human in my eyes is in fact a black man going by the name of Thomas Robinson. Tom Robinson was a man that was a great friend, excellent worker and now an inspiration to me. He was a person who had strong morals and he never went contradicted these. All these morals that he sustained throughout his short life were all ones that benefited the society, except for the fact that it was due to these morals that he died. He meant and did no harm to anyone in Maycomb and his services to the country were much greater than anyone would expect from someone like him. He did nothing but good to the community. We will all forever be in debt to his soul. Tom was a loyal worker of mine before he passed away. He has been my best worker within days from when I employed him. He would work as hard anyone else I had ever employed if not harder, even though he had only one good arm. When Tom was just twelve, he had gotten his left hand stuck in a cotton gin and tore all the muscles loose from his arm. His arm was destroyed in this accident and it had never been in use since. But remarkably, he still managed to pick cotton faster than many of my other workers. Tom worked so efficiently and in the eight years that he worked for me, not once did he cause any trouble. Not once. My other workers would cause all sorts of problems, but Tom did not cause one. He just ignored them and did the tasks that I had set him, and did them well. Tom was one of only a few men that I could trust with my life. When you asked him to a job for you, he would do it without hesitation and always did that job to an exceptional standard. But this is not why I truly admired him. What made Tom so special and contrast from the rest of society was his ability to not judge the people of Maycomb based on their colour, and this was very rarely found in this small town. He viewed people not as whites and blacks, but as equals. It was something that we as citizens of Maycomb struggled to grasp, but Tom was an exception. He was someone that respected everyone regardless of anything besides what was inside them. If the jury during the trial were like Tom, he would still be alive and with us today. Sadly in the end, Tom Robinsons morals and ethics outweighed his common sense. His will to help others clouded his thought process and he did not realise what he had gotten himself into, until it was too late. Befriending and helping Mayella Ewell was truly out of good will but it was not very wise. I constantly asked him why he was wasting helping her when he could be with his children. He would always say that his children had Helen, but Mayella had no one. This sympathy that he displayed was commendable. If Tom was thinking straight, he would have realised that associating with a white woman was undoubtedly going to end on a sour note. But I guess that was the Tom we all know, never refusing to help anyone, regardless of who they were. His death came as an absolute shock to all of us as we knew that Tom would never harm a fly. Though Tom is physically not with us all today, he will always be kept close to our hearts. His death should also cause the death of something else, prejudice in our country. His death has taught us that the race or colour of an individual does not say anything about an individual; it’s what is inside them. Tom Robinson may have been coloured on the outside, but it certainly did not mean that he was black on the inside. His death has made many more people in Maycomb realise that not all black people are bad. The view of coloured people being inferior needs to be changed and Tom’s death is step forward in achieving this. Hopefully, the death of one innocent man will prevent the death of many more men wrongly accused. This is where Maycomb needs improve to become a better town. Tom’s death will never be done justice, because he did nothing but good to this prejudice country. He was a great man and he did not deserve to die like this. All we can do now is wish Helen and her children the best for the future and hope they manage without the man in the house. Goodbye Tom, we will all miss you so much. May your soul forever rest in peace.

Safety Of Road Workers On Maintenance Of Highways Construction Essay

Safety Of Road Workers On Maintenance Of Highways Construction Essay Highways maintenance and road workers ensure that roads and pavements are safe and well maintained in towns, cities and rural areas throughout the country of operation. They might also build new roads and look after the repair, building and resurfacing of the countrys motorway networks. Highway maintenance safety involves safety of workers working on highway or road network services including road markings, pothole patching, road signs, road and footpath resurfacing, gully or drain cleaning, flooding, safety barriers, school crossing patrols, winter maintenance (snow removal), vegetation control, emergency services installing cats eyes, digging access trenches for cable and pipe laying, applying specialist surface treatments (such as high friction surfacing) traffic lights, fencing and street lamps and many more. All these maintenance activities need proper road safety awareness and control when they are executed, so working safely is aimed at staff from any road sector with no super visory or managerial responsibility to be made aware of the risks involved. It is of utmost importance to provide the essentials of health and safety for everyone at work to have an understanding of why they must work safely and this can be achieved by training road workers through the use of seminars and workshops. In Britain, roads are some of the busiest and dangerous in the world, but in today`s traffic conditions, it shows that live in carriageway of any highway is a very-very dangerous place to work and injuries to road workers have been increasing against the national trend. Road workers or operators will often be responsible for setting up warning signs, cones and temporary traffic lights and redirecting pedestrians. They may also manage traffic flow while colleagues are working, communicating with another operator via radio or hand signals further down the road are commonly used devices. As a road supervisor before conducting roadwork jobs, review the required tasks, location, and time of day to determine the necessary equipment, personnel, and materials required.   Plan how you will control traffic along the road and within the construction zone.   Have enough trained flaggers to complete your work.   Gather the signs, cones, flags, drums, and/or message boards that you will need for the job.   Inspect your signage to make sure it is in good repair and highly visible.   Clean or discard dirty equipment with limited visibility. Get training on traffic control and safe work practices.   Set up and maintain your roadside work zone properly.   Get training on the equipment that you will use and drive, from the smallest tool to the largest moving vehicle.   The operation of tools and equipment must be according to the manufacturers recommendations.   Know the hazards of the chemicals and materials that you use and get training on the personal protective equipment that you are required to wear, including its uses and limitations.   Wear high visibility garments on your legs and chest.   Wear your assigned persona protective equipments, including a hardhat, safety shoes, and work gloves.   Consider earplugs or muffs, safety glasses, and fall protection depending on the job task. In the work zone, workers must watch for fast-moving motorists and large construction equipment.   Set up parking zones for your working vehicles such that they have safe entrances and exits from the highway that is maintained and group your vehicles on the same side of the road for visibility.   As a supervisor you can set-up the job site and tasks to minimize the need to cross the active road time and again and also  set up traffic lanes within the jobsite for clear access and visibility. When working on road, work facing traffic and stay alert, or station a lookout to watch oncoming traffic.  The workers should have an escape route or a plan of action in place for any emergencies.   Watch for backing vehicles because the driver often has a limited view.   Practice good communication and make sure all vehicles have backup alarms.   If you are flagging, acting as a lookout or traffic director you must remain alert,  do not drink, smoke, or have a conversation while performing these duties. Road work is a physical job requiring strength and endurance, worker must  stay fit so that their bodies can do the work.  Road work occurs in all types of weather and throughout the year.  They should wear appropriate clothing for the climate.   Light coloured layers and sunscreen protect them during the hot months while layers of moisture-wicking clothing protect you in the cold.   The road workers must get plenty of rest, eat right, and drink no-alcoholic drink s enough to stay healthy and alert on the job. From the Road Workers Perspective, there are few jobs more important than highway maintenance. It may go largely unappreciated by the end customer the motorist, but road workers are looking after some of the busiest roads in the world in the face of continued growth in Britains vehicle fleet, and the inevitable consequences of that growth for wear-and-tear on the network. And by helping to tackle congestion, road workers are directly supporting the British economy. And they do this despite working in some of the most difficult conditions that anyone has to tolerate. The risk of death or injury at work, faced daily by the workers who maintain Englands motorways and trunk roads, is highlighted by the results of a recent industry survey. Almost one in five workers suffers some injury caused by passing vehicles in the course of their careers while working on our road network. More than three-quarters suffer verbal abuse from drivers, and many have reported having objects thrown at them by motorists. Road Workers even change the light bulbs in the central reservation. Surveys have been previously contacted and road workers were asked if they had experienced near miss, verbal abuse, slight personal injury, major personal injury caused by road users vehicle and the responses were: 13% of road workers surveyed had sustained slight injuries; 3% had sustained major injuries; 77% had suffered verbal abuse from passing drivers 54% had a near miss with a vehicle 40% had experienced missiles deliberately thrown at them From these studies road workers felt most at risk during the morning and evening peak travel periods and in the early hours of the morning. There are believes that there is a vital need to educate drivers to start taking the problem of speeding and the outcomes of speeding more seriously. The habitual speeders know that other people dont necessarily disapprove of their actions in the same way as they disapprove of drink-driving syndrome. It took a long time to change attitudes to drink-driving, but by communicating the message at every opportunity, with intelligent advertising and marketing, the Government can and has eventually succeeded in most countries, likewise today, drink-driving is socially unacceptable in the community. Therefore a similar change is required with speeding and peoples attitude to road works. In UK, Highway Traffic Management Agency was launched in 2005 and since it was launched issues that dominated are the road maintenance safeties. Its goal is to have zero road injuries and zero fatalities by getting a reasonable balance between the needs of the road user and the safety of road workers using a risk based approach as a short term. The long-term aim was to plan future improvements that make the working environment safer, including: design for maintenance/operation, which has the added benefits of whole-life cost savings, less interventions and less congestion; reduce road workers exposure to live traffic and lessen the risks to road workers when on the network; highlight the importance of road workers and their safety to the public by raising awareness and the industry consistently maintaining the highest standards. Finally it was to improve road user awareness and responses by improving driver education. At a general level, the government has taken the Road Safety Bill through Parliament, including new drink-driving legislation, driver training schemes, and a revised penalty system and is looking at improvements to the speed camera network and working with the police to fight back against anti-social use of roads. The Highways Agency Road Worker Safety Action Plan was unveiled at the conference held in 2006, with some of potential solutions listed in the including a review of procedures to reduce the exposure of road workers to live traffic and cut the risks of working on the highway. A review of maintenance priorities so workers dont have to be on the network so often more targeted speed limits at road works which can be altered to match safety requirements. Improving of the accuracy and content of variable message signs to give road users more warning of works and the presence of road workers also improving the training of workers on high-speed roads, the promotion of better driver awareness and improved driver education, also finally the development of an incident and near-miss reporting centre. The Importance of Traffic Management When considering the traffic management plan for any major scheme the safety and security of both the travelling public and the workforce is the primary aim. By the very nature of road works operations, the element of risk is introduced when managing traffic on high speed roads. The first essential element is to reduce the risk by reducing the speed. This can be achieved to a certain extent through the use of traffic management measures but experience has proven that the only reliable way of achieving consistently reduced speeds is through the use of safety cameras. The introduction of a temporary speed limit and safety cameras is done in conjunction with the respective Safety Camera Partnership, who follow a risk assessment process which considers the level of exposure to risk of the public and the workforce. This is the reason that a variety of different traffic management measures can often be found at road works sites. However, the biggest single risk to road workers occurs not i n major schemes but during routine maintenance operations and emergency lane closures. During these operations it is often only a line of cones that separates the workforce from high speed traffic. During these operations there is a clear need for motorists to act responsibly and respect the rights of road workers. Planning Road works Traditionally, if there is one thing that causes motorists more frustration than any other, it is the overnight appearance of a forest of cones with little or no warning or information as to the reason. Hopefully, this aspect is largely becoming a thing of the past as a significant amount of planning is now undertaken prior to any major road works scheme. Such projects are now often planned several years ahead taking cognisance of issues such as the optimum time and the likelihood of reliable weather where this is a requirement. The substantial rise in traffic volumes over the past decade has significantly impacted on road works planning, through not just the increased maintenance requirements brought about by the additional volume, but through the challenges to keep congestion at a minimum as any reduction in available road space can have significant consequences for journey times. While safety and security are the primary drivers when planning road works, contractors also incorpora te extensive consultation with affected local communities and a targeted media campaign designed to advise drivers who use the affected route of the proposed works and levels of disruption. This forward planning and awareness through the media allows for drivers to plan their journey accordingly. Engineering technology on road worker`s risk. This can be achieved both through measures at the construction stage and through the use of new and improved technology for maintenance operations. New construction processes and standards mean a much longer design life can be achieved at the outset, significantly reducing the amount of routine maintenance operations required. In addition, where a maintenance requirement is identified during construction, the facility to achieve this without significantly impacting on traffic flow is considered carefully and where appropriate, additional engineering measures are introduced. In respect to maintenance operations on existing structures and highways the Highway Traffic Management Agency has been actively involved in developing technology in association with the Highways Agency, and over the past few years a number of innovative solutions which have had a positive impact on safety have been introduced. New techniques to improve safety and reduce congestion at road works on high-speed road s, for example, are now undergoing trials. Automated cone laying machines, fixed to the rear of a traffic management vehicles, can place and collect standard road cones without the need for road workers to stand in a live carriageway next to fast moving traffic. The machines accurately positions cones on the road surface at 15mph laying up to 40 cones per minute and reducing the time taken to establish and remove temporary traffic management. Road users will benefit from the shorter period of time taken to change from normal carriageway to a coned-off area. Using the new machines, traffic cones will be laid and taken up more quickly, removing manual handling and enabling more routine maintenance work to be undertaken during each closure so reducing the frequency of road works and congestion. A new barrier transfer machine, which can lift 12 tons of concrete safety barriers for motorway road works into place at a speed of 7 mph, is also now in operation, offering a higher level of b arrier protection to motorway road workers. The mechanical broom which are now mostly used have improved the road worker`s safety and compared to manual sweeping. In June 2006, a new revised Chapter 8 of the Traffic Signs Manual was launched that gives guidance on best practice for temporary signing and management of traffic on the highway. Also it was designed to make traffic management for road works safer and less stressful for both workers and drivers. It talks about new measures like flashing cones on the approach to works; mobile carriageway closures; and improved incident management. It also encourages more effective use of speed limits at road works. Drivers should expect consistent limits to be set depending on the work being carried out, without confusing variations. That should be combined with speed detection equipment and other methods of persuading people to reduce speed. RECOMMENDATIONS Changing the behaviour of risk-taking drivers tends to require hard interventions, which require the involvement of police or other law enforcement organisations. For complying drivers, soft interventions such as the Respect campaign can be used; other interventions that could be applied to the issue of road worker safety and driver behaviour can include: Training road workers By training road workers through the use of seminars and workshops can make them aware of their risks and conscientious those involved on how best they can be aware of the job related risks. Improving driver skills There is a need for further training of professional drivers and specific training of all drivers to raise their awareness of the issues of driving through road works. Better self knowledge The public are an important partner in improving safety through road works. There is a need for greater awareness of personal skill levels and abilities to encourage better self pacing and improved behaviour when driving. This can be achieved through a high profile advertising campaign to raise the public profile of road worker safety. Such an approach aims to demonstrate the risk to drivers and road workers from speeding through road works. Improving the task It is important to ensure that the driving task when approaching and driving through road works is made as simple as possible to prevent overloading drivers with information. All those involved in applying the principles contained in the Traffic Signs Manual: Chapter 8 need to review their road works layouts in order to make the driving task as easy possible for an uninformed driver CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the behaviour of drivers towards road workers indicates that there is little respect for road works and road workers. At best the works and workers are tolerated, at worst the works are ignored and workers are abused either verbally or physically. Changing the attitude of drivers to road works is essential to improve the safety of both road workers and the drivers passing through road work sites. The behaviour of road drivers is directly or indirectly the cause of most road accidents, including those at road works. Influencing driver`s behaviour to prevent accidents at road works will improve road worker safety as well as that of the road user.

Different Methods of Chromatography Analysis

Different Methods of Chromatography Analysis General Introduction Health is of prime importance to a human beings and wants to get cured in the least possible time whenever they falls ill. This desire and necessity has resulted in the use of a large number of synthetic organic compounds as medicines despite the fact that usually side effects are associated with the use of these drugs. In recent times, practice of giving a number of drugs together has very much increased. Due to drug interaction, the levels of the active drugs together has very much increased. Due to drugs interaction, the levels of the active drug may be too high for a longer time to cause side effects. Further, the reduction/ oxidation products of these medicines, which are produced during the metabolism may also be responsible for their side effects. It is therefore necessary to develop sensitive trace analytical methods for the analysis of the drugs by using UV Spectrophotometer, most sophisticated and advanced chromatographic techniques like UPLC, GC, HPLC etc. Use of pharmaceutical preparations to make their determination, a matter of for most importance. Due to the great variability of the materials, which are to be analyzed; skillful sampling, preliminary clean-up procedure and selection of a appropriate method in the assay is necessary. With the introduction of new and more potent drugs every year, the pharmaceutical analyst is called upon to devise new analytical methods like chromatographic techniques; with ever increasing sensitivity, specificity and simplicity for new drugs . HISTORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY1 The study of chromatography happening in eighteenth century when with a immense significance the nature of inorganic compounds was considered on filter paper by Runge. In 1898 Day in USA forced crude petroleum throughout a column of limestone and fuller’s earth. The chromatographic theory was discovered first by a Russian botanist , MichaelTswett (1906) who make use of a glass column of calcium carbonate for separation of chlorophyll pigments from plant by using petroleum ether. The major development occurred around 1930 when Lederer and co-workers in 1931 separated xanthine and lutein on a column of calcium carbonate powder. In 1935 ,Adams and Holmes observed some synthetic ion exchange resins capable of exchanging ions  and thus ion exchange chromatography came in to existence. In 1944, Martin, Consden ,Gorden replaced silica gel columns by strips of filter paper and developed Paper chromatography. Thin layer chromatography though discovered first by Lzmailer and Shraiber , was further developed By Stahl and co-workers using silica gel on glass plates. Amongest the newest and most effective chromatographic technique for analyzing complex mixtures is Gas chromatography. It was introduced by Martin and James in 1952. INTRODUCTION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY1 A variety of methods are available for the separation of components from the mixture. They are mainly divided in to two types. Chemical methods Physical methods. The physical methods include fractional distillation, extraction, counter-current distribution; crystallization etc.These methods are effective in separation, purication and identification of many compounds .how ever difficulty arises in case of compounds where individual components have similar physical and chemical properties i.e mixture of liquids having very close boiling points etc. Chromatographic methods corresponds to the most handy and potent technique for these problems. These chromatographic methods are used for the partition of components of a composite mixture. Because of the quickness and efficiency of this methods, it can be used in all fields particulalarly in chemistry, biology, medicine, dyes, forensic departments and clinical studies. The term Chromatography derived from Greek words Kromatos means colour and Graphos –means written. Tswett defined chromatography as the technique in which the components of a combination are separated on an adsorbent column in a flowing system. As per IUPAC Chromatography is defined as a method used mainly for the division of the components of a sample ,in which the components are disseminated between two phases, one of which is stationary whereas the other moves. The stationary phase might be a solid or a liquid support on a solid or a gel, and might be packed in a column ,spread as a layer or disseminated as a film. The mobile phase possibly will be gaseous or liquid. First and foremost for the partition of the components of a sample , in which the components are disseminated . TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY: Chromatographic methods can be classified on the basis of stationary and mobile phases used, depending on the stationary and the mobile phase used, separation occurs because of a combination of two or more factors such as extent of adsorption, rate of migration and capillary action etc†¦ Different types of chromatographic techniques as follows a. Adsorption chromatography b. Partition chromatography c. Paper chromatography d. Thin layer chromatography e. Gas-liquid chromatography f. Gas-solid chromatography g. Ion exchange chromatography A Adsorption Chromatography: The principle underlying the separation of the compounds is adsorption at the solid –liquid interface, for successful separation , the compounds of a mixture must show different degrees of affinity for the solid support and the interaction between adsorbent and component must be reversible, as the adsorbent is washed with fresh solvent the various components will therefore move down the column until, ultimately, they are arranged in order of their affinity for the adsorbent ,those with least affinity move Paper chromatography: Paper partition chromatography was developed by consden et al, In this paper partition chromatography paper is used as the support or adsorbent but partition probably plays a greater part than adsorption in the separation of components of the mixtures In this chromatography substances are distributed between two liquids ie one is the stationary liquid (generally water )which is detained in the fibers of the paper and is called as stationary phase, the other is the touching liquid or rising solvent and is called moving phase, The components of the mixture to be separated at different rates and appear as spots at different points on the paper The moment of components on the paper depends on the amount and nature of the stationary phase compared with the amount of mobile phase in the same part of the paper and also on the partition coefficient The rate of movement of mobile phase at the solvent front tends to be faster than at the position of the component on the paper ,it is better to defined as Rf RF= DISTANCE traveled by centre of component /Distance travelled by solvent front Types of paper chromatography 1 Descending chromatography Is defined as while the development of the paper is made by permiting the solvent to travel down the paper Advantage: 1. The development can be continued indefinitely even though the solvents run off at the other end of the paper 2. Ascending chromatography once the improvement of the paper is done by permitted the solvent to move up the paper it is recognized as ascending technique 3. Ascending – Descending chromatography In this procedure the upper fraction of the ascending chromatography can be folded over a glass rod permit the ascending expansion to change over into the descending after crossing the glass rod 4. Radial Paper chromatography This is also known as circular paper chromatography, this constructs utilize of radial development 5. Two dimensional chromatography In this a square or rectangular paper is utilized the sample is applied to one of the spot of the paper. The second development is performed at right angle to the direction of the first run This type of chromatography can be conceded out with identical solvent systems in the both the directions or by two solvent systems Importance of paper chromatography It is used for analyzing the polar compounds like amino acids, sugars and natural products, It also has been applied for the separation of many organic and biochemical products Thin layer chromatography: Thin layer chromatography is similar to paper chromatography except that a thin (025 mm) layer of some inert material such as AI2O3, MgO or Si o2 is used as the substrate instead of paper The process of thin layer chromatography was first established by izmailor and shraiber in 1938 Thin layer chromatography offers a faster and more efficient separation than paper chromatography and majority of paper chromatographic separations have now been superseded by thin layer chromatography procedures Thin layer chromatography has many advantages when compared to the other techniques like paper and column chromatography They are It requires very little time for separation Spraying with corrosive agents for credentials is also tolerable which is not achievable in paper chromatography as cellulose gets destroyed The method is used for partition , adsorption ,ion exchange chromatography as there is huge range of adsorbents obtainable This technique can be apply to preparative separation with the aid of thicker layer of adsorbents Thin layer chromatography has been included under both adsorption and partition chromatography ,in this the separation is carried on a glass or plastic plate which is coated with a thin uniform layer of finely divided inert adsorbent such as silica gel or alumina The plates are activated, the solution of the sample in a volatile solvent is applied by using a capillary tube or a micropipette to a spot keeping 1-2 cm from the bottom of TLC Plate ,the position of the sample spot is indicated by making a origin line on the plate with the lead pencil When the blemish has dried, the plate is positioned vertically in a suitable tank with it’s lower edge immersed in selected mobile phase The solvent rises by capillary action, resolving the sample mixture into separate spots at the end of the run the solvent is tolerable to vanish from the plate and the separated spots are situated and recognized by various physical and chemical methods Preparation of chromate plates With the help of pouring, dipping, spraying and spreading methods the chromatoplates are prepared, with help of qualitative and quantitative methods the TLC plate evaluated Ion exchange chromatography Separation of ionic substances may be carried out in glass columns similar to those described for adsorption and partition chromatography the chromatography medium – stationary phase is an ion exchange resin which is a polymer containing fixed charged groups and replaceable counter ions of the opposite charge, when a sample containing organic or inorganic ions is passed down the column the ions of the same charge as the counter ions displace the counter ions into the mobile phase and are retained on the column cationic and anionic exchange resins have positively and negatively charged counter ions respectively ,and retard the migration of the sample cations and anions respectively , Ion exchange chromatography: Separation of Ionic substances may be carried out in glass columns similar to those describes. Ion exchange resins: Modern resins are based on cross linked polystyrene prepared in bead form by the copolymerization of styrene divinyl benzene (DVB) Most commonly useful resins are prepared with approximately 8% DVB. Strong action exchange resins are prepared by sulphonating the free benzene rings. Strong anion exchange resins includes quaternary ammonium residues are prepared by chloromethylation of the free benzene rings followed by treatment with a tertiary amine salt ex: Trimethylamine amino hydrochloride. The strength and exchange capacities of ion exchange resins depend on the acidic or basic strength of the fine charged group. Thus the strongly acidic suphonic acid and strongly basic quaternary ammoinium groups give strong ion exchange resins with a high exchange capacity. Weaker exchange resins containing the weakly acidic carboxylic acid (COOH) or weakly basic derivatives of ammonia (ex: NHR2+Cl) generally have a lower exchange capacity. Applications: Used for the separation of similar ions Used for softening the hard water Purification of organic compounds Anion exchange chromatography include the assay of total halogenic salts using a resin in the OH form. Anion exchange is also used to separate heamine, and neomycin C from neomycin B t o test for neomycin C in Framycetin sulphate and neomycin sulphate. Gas Chromatography: The division of the components of a combination in the gaseous state could be achieved by partition column chromatography using a gaseous mobile phase was first made by martin and synge in 1941. In gas liquid chromatography: The immobile phase is a thin layer of a non-volatile liquid bound to a solid support and the mobile phase is a gas . A partition process occurs In gas-solid chromatography: Utilizes a solid adsorbent as the stationary phase and an adsorption process takes place Technique of gas chromatography: In this technique the sample is introduces in to the moving carrier gas stream and is carried by it through the column. The column contains either the active solid or a liquid of low vapour pressure held upon an inert solid. The active solid or non volatile liquid act as stationary phase whereas the carrier gas acts as mobile phase. The components of mixture sample distribute between two phases. The solubility or adsorption possessions might vary from component to component and therefore the components are carried along the column at different varies and finally emerge at the outlet of the column in distinct zones separates by the carrier gas. On rising the vapours of the constituent are detected by suitable detector accompanied by an automatic recording. Gas chromatographic appearances consists of Carrier Gas: Ex: Hydrogen, Helium Flow regulators and flow meters Ex: Rota-meter, soap bubble meter Injection devices: Columns Depending on its use:- Analytical Column Preparative Column Depending on its nature Packed column (Placed column are described as analytical column) Open tubular column Support coated open tubular column Temperature control devices Detectors ex: Katharometer Flame ionization factor Argon ionization factor Electron capture factor Recording and integrators Applications of GC: For qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis It is used for finishing of impurities present in the samples It is used for the separation and identification of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, flavours, preservatives, colorants in food as well as vitamins steroids It is used for converting the non-volatile compounds in to volatile compounds by derivatization method. It is used for the determination of solvent residues or solvent if crystallization HPLC: The course of action of high performance liquid chromatography was developed in the late 1960s. The attitude of high performance liquid chromatography is so called because of its improved performance when compared to classified column chromatography. It is also described as high pressure liquid chromatography. Advantages of HPLC: There is ease of sample introduction and sample preparation There is speed of analysis Te analysis by HPLC is specific accurate and precise. It is used for the analysis of many polar, ionic substances, metabolic products and thermo-labile as well as non-volatile substances. Principles of HPLC: The technique is based on the same modes of separation as classified column chromatography i.e. partition, ion-exchange, adsorption and gel permeation, but it vary from column chromatography in that the mobile phase is pumped through the packed column under high pressure. Apparatus: the mode of operation of this system is isocratic i.e. one partition solvent or mixture is pumped throughout the analysis. For some determinations the solvent composition may be altered gradually to give gradient elution. Pumps: pumps are mandatory to distribute a stable flow of mobile phase at pressures varying from 1 to 550 bar. They are two types of pumps: Mechanical pumps: if the reciprocating piston type give a pulsating supply of mobile phase Dual piston reciprocating pump produce the two pistons are carefully phased so that simultaneously is filling the other is pumping. Injection systems: Injection ports are of two fundamental types Those in which the sample is injected directly in to the column Those in which the sample is deposed prior to the column bay and then swept by a valving action in to the column by mobile phase.

Globalization and Culture Preservation Essay -- Globalization World Cu

With every passing day the world is shrinking, and the globalization process is taking place. Advances in communication, transportation, and computer technology have all played a role in making the world a smaller place. With the right equipment, people can talk to friends and family from the other side of the world. Traveling from America to Europe, which once required days at sea, now only takes hours in the air. Computer networking and fax machines allow world businesses to conduct negotiations within a matter of seconds. Images and personas such as the McDonalds’s golden arches and Mickey Mouse are recognized worldwide. When Saddam Hussein was captured, nearly every country knew about it within a matter of hours. Yet, while globalization is taking place, it is not doing so without dispute. Many countries, in fact, feel threatened by Western culture and consequently, are acting out to preserve their own identities. Differences in currency and standardized measuring u nits indicate hesitancy and possibly even an inability for people to accept the conformity of a singular global society. Also, characteristics of different cultures are in such a way unique that to alter them or blend them into other cultures would, in some people’s opinion, destroy both of them. After all, one would not expect to find tacos served in Italian restaurants, nor would one expect pasta and breadsticks to be the major selling items in Mexican restaurants. So, while globalization is taking place on different levels, fundamental differences in culture and pride in one’s own heritage both exist as strong forces preventing the emergence of a homogenized world society. As mentioned, technology is one of the strongest forces driving ... ...Japan Tries to Defend Language Against English Invasion.† Agence France Presse. 18 August 2002. 29 December 2003. . 3) Anonymous. â€Å"Japanese Spirit, Western Things.† Economist. 10 July 2003. 29 December 2003. . 4) Pesek Jr., William. â€Å"Vietnam Embraces Globalization on Own Terms.† Manila Times. 21 November 2002. 29 December 2003 . 5) 2) LaFranchi, Howard. â€Å"Why More Students Are Studying Abroad.† Christian Science Monitor. 19 August 2003. 29 December 2003 . Bibliography Globalization. Global Policy Organization. 29 December 2003. . Globalization and Culture Preservation Essay -- Globalization World Cu With every passing day the world is shrinking, and the globalization process is taking place. Advances in communication, transportation, and computer technology have all played a role in making the world a smaller place. With the right equipment, people can talk to friends and family from the other side of the world. Traveling from America to Europe, which once required days at sea, now only takes hours in the air. Computer networking and fax machines allow world businesses to conduct negotiations within a matter of seconds. Images and personas such as the McDonalds’s golden arches and Mickey Mouse are recognized worldwide. When Saddam Hussein was captured, nearly every country knew about it within a matter of hours. Yet, while globalization is taking place, it is not doing so without dispute. Many countries, in fact, feel threatened by Western culture and consequently, are acting out to preserve their own identities. Differences in currency and standardized measuring u nits indicate hesitancy and possibly even an inability for people to accept the conformity of a singular global society. Also, characteristics of different cultures are in such a way unique that to alter them or blend them into other cultures would, in some people’s opinion, destroy both of them. After all, one would not expect to find tacos served in Italian restaurants, nor would one expect pasta and breadsticks to be the major selling items in Mexican restaurants. So, while globalization is taking place on different levels, fundamental differences in culture and pride in one’s own heritage both exist as strong forces preventing the emergence of a homogenized world society. As mentioned, technology is one of the strongest forces driving ... ...Japan Tries to Defend Language Against English Invasion.† Agence France Presse. 18 August 2002. 29 December 2003. . 3) Anonymous. â€Å"Japanese Spirit, Western Things.† Economist. 10 July 2003. 29 December 2003. . 4) Pesek Jr., William. â€Å"Vietnam Embraces Globalization on Own Terms.† Manila Times. 21 November 2002. 29 December 2003 . 5) 2) LaFranchi, Howard. â€Å"Why More Students Are Studying Abroad.† Christian Science Monitor. 19 August 2003. 29 December 2003 . Bibliography Globalization. Global Policy Organization. 29 December 2003. .

Paul A Samuelson :: essays papers

Paul A Samuelson BIG ISSUES OF ECONOMIC CONCERN Samuelson has offered the world many economic theories. One area he is widely known for is his views on the spending multiplier. Samuelson has presented a way through his aggregate demand model to demonstrate how the spending multiplier affects individual types of spending. There are several components of aggregate demand. The basis for understanding this model is as follows: ïÆ'Ëœ An increase in prices causes a drop in household assets, thus causing consumers to spend less. ïÆ'Ëœ Increases in domestic prices reduce exports, which causes an increase in spending on imports. ïÆ'Ëœ The interest rate effect is when prices increase, as does the demand for money, thus increasing the interest rate. This forces a downward pressure on investment and purchases of durable goods. Therefore, investment, exports and consumption are all inversely related to pricing. In Samuelson’s model, government spending was the only constant. This means the government will always buy the same amount of goods no matter what the price. The aggregate demand schedule is therefore, the sum of consumption, investment, government purchases and exports. The chart below depicts the aggregate demand schedule. Price Level Consumption Investment Gov. Purchases Exports Real Expenditures (1986 $ billions) 160 400 75 100 25 600 140 450 100 100 50 700 120 500 125 100 75 800 100 550 150 100 100 9000 80 600 175 100 125 1000 Samuelson used this model to demonstrate how changes in these components would impact real expenditures. For example, the chart below shows the results if the government increased its purchases by $200 billion.

Overview of Data Encryption and Legal Issues Essay -- Privacy Legal Es

Overview of Data Encryption and Legal Issues What is encryption and why do we need it? The concept of encrypting information has been popular for hundreds of years. Revolutionaries, scientists, political activists and lovers have utilized this technique to maintain privacy and confidentiality in their communications. As kids, we would take our secret messages and shift the letters of the alphabet by a specific number to create an encrypted message. For example, by shifting the letters of the alphabet by three we could change the word cyberlaw to fbehuodz. In encryption, a message is referred to as plaintext before changing it in any way. Data encryption is the process whereby plaintext data is converted to ciphertext data. Ciphertext data can only be read by a party with a secret decryption key. A method for encrypting text is referred to as a cryptosystem. There are many uses for encryption today, particularly, with the widespread use of the Internet. Encryption is used to verify messages, validate and authenticate users and authorize transactions. Banks use encryption to secure customer identification numbers at ATM machines. All U.S. electronic funds transfer messages are encrypted. Online vendors depend upon the security of credit card transactions in conducting business. Many political groups use cryptography to protect the identity of online users. Internet users want electronic privacy; freedom from observance by the government or other parties. Anonymity is vital to both privacy and freedom of speech. Potential Abuses of Encryption: The U.S. Government is concerned with the abuse of this technology at the hands of criminals, terrorists and hostile foreign governments. Encryption could impede their effo... ...nternet. The availability of encryption codes will encourage a larger population of users to encrypt communications and will provide businesses worldwide a way to conduct transactions securely. Arguments are made that the control of source code export discriminates against software distribution as opposed to encryption in print form. This greatly limits the expression of scientific ideas and thereby limits the marketplace for ideas. The ability to remain anonymous is important to free speech and our right to privacy in communications on the Internet. If Clipper chips and escrow accounts become the standard, the U.S. government will be able to read private e-mail and determine the recipients. This would be a frightening departure from our proud tradition of preserving privacy in our communications and encouraging the free exchange of ideas and information.

Market Research †report outline Essay

1. Executive Summary In 2009, the transport and logistics market in the GCC was worth an estimated US$20bn, and is expected to continue growing at slightly more than 10% per annum, rising to US$27bn by 2012. Throughout the logistics value chain, net operating profits range from as low as 5% in air freight, to 15% in warehousing, to as high as 30% in sea freight.i Within this, it is estimated that the market for Fourth Party Logistics services may have the potential to be within the range of 0.85% to 1.8% of total logistics sector revenues by 2012, or between US$228m and US$381m.ii A significant number of factors are driving this growth and profitability. In particular, the relative attraction of the GCC and proximate emerging markets of 2 billion people, offer the promise of growth to many product firms facing a further period of sluggish demand growth in many of the more developed regions, following the severe global recession of 2008-09. Meanwhile, with oil having stabilised at over $70bbl, huge petrodollars have continued to flow into the region, funding on-going infrastructure and economic developments, such as manufacturing, economics and logistics zones, all of which require logistics servicesiii. In addition, rather than yielding a competitive market for logistics, the fragmentation of supply chain service providers, the multitude of logistical difficulties faced, and the myriad other free market impediments in the GCC, have all conspired to cause a high cost, high profit industry, with no

Argument Essay Thomas Paine Essay

America is the most diverse country in the world and people come here to live the â€Å"American Dream†. Paine’s assertion is still true today that America is a diverse nation, however, the â€Å"the taxes are few† and there being â€Å"nothing to engender riots and tumults† is in fact not true today. America is known as the world’s â€Å"melting pot† for a reason. People want to come to the greatest nation on Earth. Throughout the history of America people have immigrated from a wide variety of war-torn, famine, poverty-stricken nations to come to a country that ensures an opportunity to make something of yourself. It has been a safe haven for people even before it became a country; the puritans escaped religious persecution from England in the 17th century. Then the Irish left a potato famine to come to America. This led to many more countries in the Eastern Hemisphere immigrating here to America. They came because there is no National language, no national religion, no dictatorial government. This is America where everyone is ensured equal inalienable rights, wherever a person is from. But Paine was wrong when he said â€Å"the poor are not oppressed, the rich are not privileged. There is poverty in America and the rich are very privileged. New York City would prove this exactly. There’s the rich: walking the town, head high, looking through the expensive shops and eating at lavish restaurants. And on the other side of the street there is the homeless: head down, looking through trash cans for food, walking down the side walk begging for loose change. This is not the America Thomas Paine envisions. And his statement of a riot free country has never existed. It starts with Shay’s rebellion in the 1880’s, consisting of western Massachusetts farmers rioting over taxation- another thing Paine says will be few; then with the suffrage movement for women in the early 20th century. And a very large one took place in the 1960’s for Civil Rights’ which was led by Dr. Martin Luther King. Even today people protest government decisions such as Gay marriage or abortion, There will always be people who disagree with the government. Thomas Paine’s view of a perfect America will never happen. We are the country that people dream to come to and we are the most diverse.

Art 101 Painting Styles

Painting Styles When we look at art and different art work some of us have trouble seeing more than what meets the eye. I myself tend to get caught up in how I feel rather than giving any thought at all to the history and details of the moment in time when the piece was created. As I have read more about different periods of art I see that there is much to be learned about the art that is beyond the surface of the piece. In the painting The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries is a piece that is categorized under neoclassical art. Neoclassical art is deeply enriched by Greek and Roman influences. The movement began in the mid 1700’s; it was known for its portrayal of subject matter in a more serious light. The painting of Napoleon shows us how regal he is and how morally just he was. This can also be seen in the formal aspects of the piece as he is obviously the center of the painting, making him the center of attention and by the fact that the light is focused on him, casting what appears to be a glow. The majority of the neoclassical art contained clean backgrounds and architectural details from Greece and Rome. Impressionism was developed in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These pieces of art were painted as if someone just took a quick look at the subject of the painting. The paintings usually were in bold colors and did not have a lot of detail. Paintings in this style were usually outdoor scenes like landscapes. The pictures were painted to look like they were shimmering. Luncheon of the Boating Party by Renoir is a perfect example of Impressionism and is quite beautiful. It gives me the impression of light heartedness and fun. Abstract Expressionism is a movement that became popular is the post-World War II era in the late 1940’s it is a movement of art that is highly emotionally charged. It can be said that it is an approach that involves complete freedom from all traditional aesthetic and social values and favors spontaneous, free personal expression. The work is usually loud in color and large in scale. It appears to be free in form with lines that move freely within the piece. Even though it looks very sloppy and messy there is not a single mistake or accident on these pieces. There are intentional strokes. As we see in the piece Autumn Rhythm it looks like there is just paint thrown all over the canvas at random but there is much feeling behind this piece. In this piece there are symbolic elements of nature in the rientation and color schemes that it portrays even if we do not immediately see it. It is a very emotional piece as well as a very emotional movement in art. Out of all the movements I personally like this one the best. In conclusion, these movements are all important to art, both individually and collectively. They tell stories of the time period that they belong to and about the people of these time; stories that go deeper than any history book or personal recollection of that time. I think that this is why it is so important to look at these pieces and see what lies beneath the surface or the canvas. They are all different in so many ways and the artists that belong to these movements could not be any more different either but they are all important to the story of our history. This all creates the beautiful diverse quilt that is American art. References: Sayre, H. M. (2009). A world of art (6th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall http://www. nga. gov/collection/gallery/gg56/gg56-45831. 0. html http://www. phillipscollection. org/collection/boating/index. aspx http://www. metmuseum. org/Collections/search-the-collections/210009206

Ms Ahfhs Cameij

CAMILLE FLORES R. DE MAYO Block 17 Lot 6 E. Quirino Street, Cherry Homes 1, Mambog 1, Bacoor, Cavite +639069793929 cam. [email  protected] com EDUCATION: LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY – MANILA (Present) Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication with specialization in Broadcast Communication Muralla St. , Intramuros, Manila Honors and Awards: †¢ Dean’s Lister – June – October 2010 – June – October 2011 †¢ Merit Scholar – November 2010 – March 2011 – November 2011 – March 2012 †¢ Certificate of Proficiencies – Radio and Television Scriptwriting – Radio and Television Production Basic Photography †¢ Other Certificates Received – 2013 LPU UNICEF Volunteer of the Year Awardee – 2012 5th Student Advertising Congress Delegate – 2011 Asian Congress for Media and Communication [Philippines]: National Student Grand Prix Student Organizing Committee Extra-curricular Activities: †¢ LPU College of Arts and Sciences Student Council Vice President (A. Y. 2013-2014) †¢ LPU League of Young Communication Artists and Journalists (LPU LYCAJ) – Vice President for Internal Affairs (October 2012 – March 2013) – Treasurer (June – September 2012) Broadcast Communication Representative (November 2011 – March 2012) †¢ LPU UNICEF Volunteer (2012-2013) STATEFIELDS SCHOOL, INC. (2010) National Road, Molino III, Bacoor, Cavite Honors and Awards: †¢ Perfect Attendance (2010) †¢ Ranked among the Top 20 of 191 students (2010) †¢ 6th Place in Newswriting – Filipino: 5th Division Training Program in Campus Journalism for Private Schools (2009) Extra-curricular Activities †¢ SSI Linkage News Editor [School Paper] (2008-2010) ST. THOMAS MORE ACADEMY – ANNEX (2006) Phase III Maryhomes Subd. , Molino IV, Bacoor, Cavite Honors and Awards: †¢ 1st Honorable Mention (2006) Best in Mathema tics Quiz Bee (2006) †¢ 2nd Best in Science Quiz Bee (2006) †¢ 1st Place in Isahang Tula (2006) WORK EXPERIENCE: Event Staff, GMA News TV Free Time (October – November 2012) Event Staff, GMA Network Survivor (February 2012) Logistics Head and Delegation and Communication Committee Member, 5th Student Advertising Congress (February 2012) Event Staff, GMA News TV Free Time (November – December 2011) Event Staff, GMA Network Kitchen Superstar (February 19-20, 2011) SEMNARS ATTENDED: Literary Writing Seminar: Poetry and Short Story Categories (January 2013) LPU Independent Sentinel th Student Advertising Congress (February 2012) Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila Cesar Montano Film Making Seminar (September 2011) LPU League of Young Communication Artists and Journalists 5th Division Training Program in Campus Journalism for Private Schools (August 2009) Department of Education (DepED) in coordination with Cavite Educational Media Association of Private S chools Administrators (CEMAPSA) 4th Division Training Program in Campus Journalism for Private Schools (September 2008) Department of Education (DepED)REFERENCES: Mr. Nestor Francis H. Tagubuan Head, GMA Network Events Management Division LPU Manila Special Lecturer Muralla St. , Intramuros, Manila [email  protected] com [email  protected] com Mr. Alan I. Allanigue Station Manager, DZRB LPU Manila Special Lecturer Muralla St. , Intramuros, Manila 09399157214 Ms. Renalyn J. Valdez Chairperson, LPU Manila Mass Communication and Journalism Department Adviser, LPU League of Young Communication Artists and Journalists Muralla St. , Intramuros, Manila [email  protected] com

Delectables Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Delectables Corp - Essay Example Current financial data indicate that Delectables is losing its US market share to its major competitor Prince’s Fare. In this situation, even a mild flaw would severely affect Delectables’ business interests in the US market. The company has a recent history of food safety problems despite the fact that none of them were confirmed. Unsurprisingly, food poising issues (Salmonella poisoning) would damage the market reputation of a food company and hence the Delectables may lose its further business to Prince’s Fare. Although the firm’s newly hired Quality Control Director has suggested comprehensive measures to the upper management to ensure the food safety, his supervisors refused to accept the suggestions arguing that they were too expensive. In addition, workers are indifferent to the new quality control system and are not willing to abide by the instructions given by the QC Director. In order to satisfy their personal financial interests, factory employe es including foremen clear even contaminated products for the market. This practice increases the chances of food safety issues, which in turn would impact the market stature of the organization. In addition, the Georgia plant has poor infrastructural facilities and hence its food products are exposed to contaminants including Salmonella. Once the Delectables’ goodwill is affected by food poisoning issues, the demand for its products would decline in the market and ultimately this situation would hurt the interests of company stakeholders, particularly shareholders. Therefore, I would not sign the quality control form. However, whistle blowing can have some risks too. This practice is likely to contribute to the financial burden of the company which is already challenged by financial shortages. Sometimes, whistle blowing may end up in even winding up of the Delectables’ Georgia plant. As a result, thousands of employees may be laid off. However, it is vital to prioriti ze the interests of the firm’s stockholders. Referring to the stockholder theory which â€Å"supports the notion of the manager of a business being the agent for the stockholders of the company† (as qtd in Dunham-Taylor and Inczuk, 257), it is inevitable to blow the whistle and thereby to add to shareholder values. The risks of blowing whistle would be outweighed by its benefits. Evidently, lack of effective control mechanisms is the root cause of the food safety and quality control problem at Delectables. From the case scenario it is clear that QC Director has designed comprehensive procedures to separate between pure, contaminated, and mildly contaminated food products. However, factory workers are unwilling to follow these procedures and they clear all the batches of products for the market. It is observed that QC Director has little influence on factory workers and therefore he fails to ensure that quality control measures are executed effectively. It is the duty o f the QC Director to make sure that the organization completely complies with the stated quality control guidelines. In addition, the upper management does not pay particular attention to the factory’s product quality; rather it focuses only on financial returns. Currently, the firm’s foremen – who are responsible for clearing the food products for the market – are evaluated and remunerated on the basis of number of finished product boxes per day. Therefore, foremen try to increase the number of product boxes finished a day but not to improve the product quality. In order to address this issue, it is advisable for the management to pay foremen on an hourly or monthly basis. Similarly, the management should promote employee participation using the tools of financial incentives or other strategies in order to change their attitude